Best Topics
all liking affection treating adults Research symptoms
Today articles
Related Articles
More ...
liking affection treating adults Research symptoms

We Demand Attention on Understanding Why Comorbid Conditions Like Anxiety and Depression Uniquely Impact Women with ADHD

liking affection treating adults Research symptoms
Reading now: 256
www.additudemag.com
additudemag.comadditudemag.com:

Women with ADHD suffer from serious comorbid conditions with more frequency and severity than do men with ADHD or the neurotypical population. A staggering 93% percent of women with ADHD report at least one related diagnosis, according to a 2023 ADDitude survey.

The most common comorbidities among women were:A separate ADDitude survey of 1,148 women with ADHD found that 57% of those who had given birth suffered from postpartum depression (PPD) with at least two-thirds reporting symptoms of mood swings, crying spells, and feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt, or inadequacy.These self-reported comorbidity rates are higher than those found in most other studies.

But even those scientific research reports contain shocking findings:“Our findings of extremely high rates of cutting and other forms of self-injury, along with suicide attempts, show us that the long-term consequences of ADHD in females can be profound,” says Stephen Hinshaw, Ph.D., director of the Berkeley Girls and ADHD Longitudinal Study (BGALS) — the only longitudinal study on females with ADHD conducted to date.Why are women with ADHD at greater risk for developing comorbid conditions and why do these conditions appear to take a greater toll on this group?

Read more on additudemag.com
All news from additudemag.com
The website mental.guide is an aggregator of articles from open sources. The source is indicated at the beginning and at the end of the announcement. You can send a complaint on the article if you find it unreliable.

Related articles

addicted2success.com
95%
237
How Your Business Can Outmaneuver Your Competitors by 85%
Did you know that companies that master big data can outmaneuver competitors by 85% in sales and more than 25% in gross margins? Sounds inspiring, right? But the thing is that data alone isn’t enough. Rather, it’s the strategy behind it that unlocks these enviable boosts. So, this article explores how to make the most out of your big data and build a strategy that’s functional and competitive.As the name implies, a big data strategy is a plan for handling enormous sets of input.
tinybuddha.com
41%
855
Rethinking Productivity: Less Hustle, More Harmony, More Energy
“The flame that burns twice as bright burns half as long.” ~Lao Tzu
Laos liking life mindfulness joy UPS
marcandangel.com
51%
332
11 Old-Fashioned Relationship Habits We Should Bring Back Today
Love is great when spoken, but greatest when shown. Do little things daily to show your loved ones you care.Yesterday afternoon I was sitting on a park bench in the early afternoon when an elderly couple pulled their car up under a nearby oak tree. They rolled down the windows and turned up some jazz music on the car stereo.
relationships people life love lie
curiousmindmagazine.com
69%
342
Quantum AI: Building Trust with Users
Technology has always been a driving force behind societal advancements, and the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no exception. With the rise of AI in various domains, from healthcare to finance, it has become crucial to consider the implications and potential risks associated with this rapidly developing technology. In particular, Quantum AI is a fascinating area that holds immense promise but also raises questions about user trust and ethical considerations. In this article, we will explore the fundamental concepts of Quantum AI, its importance in building trust with users, and the role of ethics in its development. Additionally, we will delve into the future of Quantum AI and its potential impact on society.
security Healthcare Provident classical guidelines
curiousmindmagazine.com
40%
180
The Best Sport Bras for High-Impact Workouts: What to Look For
When it comes to high-impact workouts, having the right support is crucial to ensure comfort and prevent discomfort or injury. As fitness enthusiasts know, a regular bra simply won’t cut it during intense activities like running, HIIT, or aerobics. That’s where Bralissimo steps in, offering a curated selection of sport bras designed specifically for high-impact workouts. But with so many options available, how do you choose the best one for your needs?
Rights Features performer band Sporting
positivityblog.com
86%
440
50 Good Morning Monday Blessings, Images and Greetings to Start Your Week Just Right
“Good morning! May this Monday be a happy Monday and a positive start to the new week.”“May this Monday bring you a big boost of energy and renewed inspiration to go after your dreams and biggest goals.”“Good morning! I wish you a Monday and week ahead filled with both success and plenty of love and laughter.”“Monday morning blessings to you, my friend. Have a great and fun week!”“May your Monday be as beautiful and wonderful as you are, my dear.”“Let this Monday be the beginning of a week of making the most of opportunities.”“May your Monday be blessed with laughter and love.”“Good morning, my friend! Start your day with thinking about what you can be grateful for.”“Start your morning right with positivity and clear goals to make this a wonderful Monday.”“Remember to surround yourself with kind and uplifting thoughts and people on this Monday morning.”“New morning, new week. Make the most out of it.”“Let go of last week.
Family friends positive love Rights
curiousmindmagazine.com
92%
750
The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors in Brain Injury Recovery
Brain injuries, whether mild or severe, have profound effects on an individual’s physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. Recovery is often a long and multifaceted journey, requiring a combination of medical treatment, rehabilitation therapies, and lifestyle adjustments. One critical yet sometimes overlooked aspect of recovery is the role of nutrition and lifestyle factors. Optimizing these elements can significantly enhance the healing process and improve overall quality of life for individuals recovering from brain injuries.
stress emotions social Food Provident
curiousmindmagazine.com
70%
311
Deportation and Cultural Identity: The Complex Interplay
Deportation is not just a legal procedure; it is a deeply personal and often traumatic event that reverberates through the lives of individuals and their families. One of the less discussed but profoundly significant aspects of deportation is its impact on cultural identity. For many, being deported means more than losing a physical home; it means being torn away from a cultural landscape that defines who they are.
feelings affection social community country
curiousmindmagazine.com
72%
315
Benefits of Bicycle Lanes
In the modern world, where urban landscapes are increasingly congested with vehicles, and environmental concerns loom large, the bicycles for transportation emerge as a beacon of hope. However, for bicycles to truly flourish as a mode of transportation, they need dedicated infrastructure, and bicycle lanes and routes play a pivotal role in this regard.
people Traffic Citi Provident cycling
additudemag.com
94%
839
“How I Learned to Quiet My ADHD Ruminations”
It’s sunny outside. That means it’s a great day for my signature 5-Mile Rumination Walk.I pack my things into my mini backpack and out the door I go. This is the beginning of a 4.75-mile rumination out in beautiful nature, with a quarter mile at the end reserved for noticing and enjoying said nature — 112 minutes of rumination and 8 minutes of awe.Life is good.
life negative mindfulness song treating adults
lifecoachcode.com
58%
253
It is Possible.
More than 12 years ago, Life Coach Code was just a blog. I was writing about health, happiness, motivation… Today, we are one of the best platforms for coaching and for coaches in the world, ranking among the top 0.01% on the internet, globally. I always wanted to have an online business, to be able […]
happiness life Platform
tinybuddha.com
84%
485
If You Haven’t Found Your Purpose: How to Feel Good Anyway
“The person who lives life fully, glowing with life’s energy, is the person who lives a successful life.” ~Daisaku Ikeda
liking life feelings career Align
positivityblog.com
44%
757
Mark Twain’s Top 9 Tips for Living a Kick-Ass Life
“Let us live so that when we come to die even the undertaker will be sorry.”“When your friends begin to flatter you on how young you look, it’s a sure sign you’re getting old.”You may know Mark Twain for some of his very popular books like Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He was a writer and also a humorist, satirist and lecturer.Twain is known for his many – and often funny – quotes. Here are 9 of my favorite tips from him.1. Approve of yourself.“A man cannot be comfortable without his own approval.”If you don’t approve of yourself, of your behavior and actions then you’ll probably walk around most of the day with a sort of uncomfortable feeling.
people personality feelings mindfulness UPS
lifecoachcode.com
37%
153
The Dr. Dolores Show: How to Become Your Own Best Friend [Self Discovery Series Part 3]
By Dr. Dolores Fazzino, Nurse Practitioner, Medical Intuitive, Energy Whisperer Today our 3rd episode addresses nurturing Inner Strength. Join us on this profound exploration of self discovery and empowerment. The Self Discovery Series: “Becoming Your Own Best Friend: A Self Discovery Series” is not just a journey, it’s a revolution in the way we perceive ourselves […]
Dolores Fazzino parting life friends show Intuit
lifecoachcode.com
65%
495
The Dr. Dolores Show: How to Become Your Own Best Friend [Self Discovery Series Part 4]
 By Dr. Dolores Fazzino, Nurse Practitioner, Medical Intuitive, Energy Whisperer Today, on the Dr. Dolores Show we talk about embracing Boundaries: Reclaiming Control Over Your Life. This is the 4th episode of the series “Becoming Your Own Best Friend: A Self Discovery Series” created by Dr. Dolores Fazzino. In this empowering episode, Dr. Fazzino guides […]
Dolores Fazzino parting life friends show Intuit
marcandangel.com
95%
631
20 Essential Things to Start Doing for Your Own Happiness
Patience isn’t about waiting; it’s the ability to keep a good attitude while working hard for what you believe in.As you move through the days and weeks ahead, remind yourself that it takes roughly 66 days to form a habit on average. So for the next nine and a half weeks, consciously leverage the actionable reminders below to look at the brighter side of your life, and you will gradually rewire your brain.When life feels like an emotional roller coaster, steady yourself with simple rituals. Make the bed.
people life love Rights Progressive
positivityblog.com
46%
395
13 Things to Remember When You Think You’re Not Good Enough
“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”Eleanor Roosevelt“You have been criticizing yourself for years, and it hasn’t worked. Try approving of yourself and see what happens.”Louise L. HayIt’s so easy be dragged down by your own thoughts.So easy to not feel like “I’m not good enough”.Not good enough to maybe to go for the job or promotion you want.
liking feelings mindfulness Rights UPS
curiousmindmagazine.com
52%
243
Addressing the Opioid Crisis: New Advances in Treatment
The opioid crisis remains a critical public health issue, affecting lives and communities across the globe. In response, medical professionals and researchers are continuously seeking new and effective treatment methods. This article explores the latest advances in opioid addiction treatment, offering hope in the battle against this pervasive crisis. The Magnitude of the Opioi
Usa personality affection Research innovations prevention
tinybuddha.com
71%
986
How to Start Saying No When You’re Afraid of Disapproval
“Sometimes what you’re most afraid of doing is the very thing that will set you free.” ~Robert Tew
people liking life feelings fears
addicted2success.com
81%
674
How to Synchronize Your Conscious Mind With Subconscious Mind for Success
The human mind has two parts—the conscious and subconscious mind. Both play a crucial role in the functioning of the human mind. The conscious mind is voluntary that you are aware and it goes by logic, analysis, and reasoning.In contrast, the subconscious mind is involuntary.
mindset Success Tips thoughts subconscious mind
tinybuddha.com
56%
652
How I Found the Good Within the Difficult
“Inner strengths are the supplies you’ve got in your pack as you make your way down the twisting and often hard road of life.” ~Rick Hanson
Rick Hanson life mindfulness UPS show Aware
curiousmindmagazine.com
69%
880
Revitalizing Your Home: The Path to a Successful Renovation
Home renovation is a journey that requires careful planning and execution. Whether you’re looking to update your kitchen, expand your living room, or remodel your entire home, the process can be exciting and daunting. This article will guide you through the essential steps to ensure a successful home renovation.
state Utah life enjoyment Rights cost Updates
additudemag.com
70%
450
The Loneliest Generation
Gen Z can scarcely remember a time before social media promised to make the world more open and connected. Yet today it stands as the loneliest generation alive.Nearly two-thirds of ADDitude readers ages 18 to 29 report feeling lonely “always” or “often,” according to a new survey of 4,170 adults with ADHD.
My Adhd people feelings loneliness treating adults social
additudemag.com
45%
207
Live Webinar on June 11: Lifelong Effects of Bullying and the Brain’s Ability to Recover
Not available June 11? Don’t worry. Register now and we’ll send you the replay link to watch at your convenience.Children and teens with ADHD are most likely to be bullied at school than their neurotypical peers.
liking abuse bullying treating kids
additudemag.com
40%
769
“11 Things I’d Tell My Younger Self”
When I was diagnosed with ADHD in my 40s, I looked back at my life with a new set of eyes. My heart broke for the child I was. Messiness, time blindness, compulsive hyperfocus, emotional dysregulation, and rejection sensitivity were all things I’d internalized as my personal failings and default personality traits rather than what they really were: ADHD symptoms.For most of my life, I did not have the knowledge I needed to understand myself and counterbalance pervasive negative messaging that made me feel inherently defective and ashamed.
people feelings love treating adults late diagnosis
curiousmindmagazine.com
66%
140
How Can I Document and Preserve Evidence After a Car Accident?
A car accident can be a chaotic and distressing experience, leaving individuals shaken and disoriented in the aftermath. However, it’s crucial to remain calm and focused on documenting and preserving evidence at the scene of the accident. Properly documenting evidence can strengthen your insurance claim, support your case in legal proceedings, and ensure that you receive fair compensation for damages and injuries sustained in the accident. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss practical steps and strategies for documenting and preserving evidence after a car accident to protect your rights and maximize your chances of a successful outcome.
Can I (I) contact Rights information Provident record
curiousmindmagazine.com
45%
601
Make Your House More Enjoyable With These Home Improvements
Your home is more than just a structure; it is where you live and possibly raise a family. It is also where you relax after a hard day at work and escape the pressures of the outside world. We also spend most of our time at home.
Family liking life enjoyment cover
curiousmindmagazine.com
37%
598
Taking Paid Surveys is a Great Way to Earn Some Extra Cash
Taking paid surveys is an easy, fun way to earn a little extra cash. It may not be as passive as investing, but it is far less risky and helps organizations and companies that need your opinions. Paid surveys are a viable option for earning a little extra cash, no matter what your background is. Get involved in taking paid surveys and learn how valuable your opinions are to research organizations and major companies. 
Research Opinion fun information Provident
marcandangel.com
51%
293
10 Life Choices Too Many of Us Will Regret in 10 Years
In the end, more than anything else, we regret the little things we wish we’d done differently.“If only…” Those two words paired together create one of the saddest phrases in the English language.Here are ten life choices that ultimately lead to that phrase of regret, and how to elude them on the average day:If the face you always show the world is a mask, someday there will be nothing beneath it. Because when you spend too much time concentrating on everyone else’s perception of you, or who everyone else wants you to be, you eventually forget who you really are. So don’t fear the judgments of others; you know in your heart who you are and what’s true to you.
Britain people life feelings presents UPS
paulekman.com
70%
589
Paul Ekman’s Unfinished Research on Emotions and Deception
I never published a number of interesting findings. Sometimes it was because I just didn’t have the time to do so, as it is not a simple matter to put what you discover into the restrained language scientific journals require, and then to deal with the hidden anonymous reviewers. Nearly every article I submitted to scientific journals was initially rejected.
people friends fears emotions Research
marcandangel.com
38%
449
6 Secret Habits of Highly Optimistic People: The Hidden Practices They Live By
It takes roughly 66 days to form a habit. So for 9 weeks look at the bright side of your life, and you will rewire your brain.If the grass looks greener on the other side…Stop staring.Stop comparing.Stop complaining.And START watering the grass you’re standing on…Truly, the most powerful weapon against stress on the average day is our ability to choose one thought or response over another.
people life positive habits optimist
tinybuddha.com
43%
994
How to Wake Up from the Painful Trance of Unworthiness
“When we experience our lives through this lens of personal insufficiency, we are imprisoned in what I call the trance of unworthiness. Trapped in this trance, we are unable to perceive the truth of who we really are.” ~Tara Brach
parting life feelings love UPS
additudemag.com
71%
137
Q: “What Are the Signs of a Controlling Relationship?”
Q: My young adult daughter has ADHD. Her new boyfriend seems controlling to me, but she says he’s supportive. How can we recognize the difference?Sometimes it can be difficult to tell when a relationship has crossed a line from supportive to controlling.
relationships personality Dating partner treating adults
additudemag.com
90%
804
“5 Things Your ADHD Kid Means (But Forgets) to Tell You on Mother’s Day”
Being a mom is a thankless job. Sure, there’s a full day (a whole 24 hours!) dedicated to appreciating Mothers, but we all know appreciation from loved ones isn’t guaranteed on this day.If you’re a mom who is raising children with ADHD, you may have complicated feelings about Mother’s Day. You may feel unnoticed and left out on this day, as the unique challenges and joys of caring for a neurodivergent child aren’t often widely represented.
liking feelings love child treating kids
additudemag.com
79%
483
We Demand Attention on Self-Harm, Intimate Partner Violence, and Substance Abuse Among Women with ADHD
The lives of girls and women with ADHD are jeopardized by exponentially higher rates of self-harm, suicidality, and intimate partner violence, as compared with their neurotypical counterparts or with neurodivergent boys and men.“ADHD in girls portends continuing problems through early adulthood that are of substantial magnitude across multiple domains of symptomatology and functional impairment,” write the authors of the Berkeley Girls ADHD Longitudinal Study (BGALS) follow-up study.1 “The sheer range of negative outcomes is noteworthy; the most striking include the high occurrences of suicide attempts and self-injury in the ADHD sample, confined to the childhood-diagnosed combined type.”This is an arresting statistic, particularly considering how self-harm and suicidality have spiked in adolescent girls in general. The most recent CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) report found that 1 in 10 girls has attempted suicide, and 1 in 3 of girls seriously considered suicide during the past year, which is an increase of nearly 60% from a decade ago.Research suggests that neurodivergent girls face a significantly higher risk for self-harm than do neurodivergent boys, or neurotypical people of any gender.
child partner suicide violence Research
additudemag.com
39%
773
42 Raw Confessions from Women with ADHD
The world is seriously misinformed about how women and girls experience ADHD.This is the overwhelming sentiment reflected across Instagram comments in response to ADDitude’s question: What do you wish the world knew about being a girl or woman with ADHD?From the significance of hormonal fluctuations to the weight of stigma, shame, and misunderstood symptoms, here’s what women need you to know about what it’s like to grow up and live with ADHD.What else should the world know about being a woman with ADHD? Tell us in the comments (or join in on the conversation via Instagram!)“Being a mother with ADHD and having children with ADHD is even harder because the world expects you to parent like neither of you have it.” — @softballgarden“Our hyperactivity is internal. It’s in our minds. And we are made to hide it. So we are EXHAUSTED from masking.
treating adults from readers Hormones & ADHD
additudemag.com
95%
664
The Science of Loneliness
Are some of us hard-wired to feel chronic loneliness? Recent neuroscience research suggests that loneliness is associated with brain-processing patterns that can alter cognitive and social-emotional experiences — the ways in which we understand the world — and affirm our perception of being different or not fitting in with our peers. This belief impairs our ability to sustain social bonds.“Social interactions rely on a complex orchestration of brain functions, from understanding another person’s point of view, recognizing their emotional state, feeling their emotional pain, and so on.
state California people feelings loneliness treating adults Research
additudemag.com
36%
295
Putting a Stop to Toxic Thoughts
Most adults with attention deficit disorder (ADHD) need medication, but that’s not always enough. That’s why many experts recommend meds and psychotherapy. But as Mark, a 30-something sales representative from New York City, discovered recently, not all forms of therapy work particularly well for ADHD.Since being diagnosed with ADHD 10 years ago, Mark has been on, off, and finally back on medication.
state Pennsylvania city New York feelings treating adults cognitive behavioral therapy UPS symptoms
marcandangel.com
80%
845
20 Calming Affirmations We Should All Tell Ourselves More Often
Let’s cut to the chase today. What you ultimately do comes out of who you believe you are. You have to practice believing in yourself and ignoring the naysayers. Because while you may not be able to control the impolite and unfair things some people say and do, you can press forward and decide not to be endlessly derailed by them.Of course I know that’s much easier said than done, but you must remind yourself that it can be done!How?Start by leveraging the right daily affirmations.
Cal Berkley Britain people liking life mindfulness Inside
addicted2success.com
85%
942
8 Inspiring Ways Steve Jobs Changed the World
With Steve Jobs’s resignation as the CEO of Apple, the world went into a tizzy. Scrip fell and recovered gradually. He is one of the most iconic CEOs in the world and is a leadership icon who always sets high standards for innovation.
Steve Jobs Apple
lifecoachcode.com
57%
190
10 Rules for Being Human | Rule 10: You will forget all this at birth
“You will forget all this at birth. Throughout the process of life, you will have opportunities to remember if you choose.” — Dr. Cherie Carter Scott Have you ever felt a deep yearning for something you can’t quite name? A sense of knowing that lingers just beyond the grasp of your conscious mind? This, my […]
life mindfulness Beyond
lifecoachcode.com
74%
286
Navigating the World of Nutritional Supplements: A Full Guide for Health Enthusiasts
In our quest for optimal health and wellness, nutritional supplements play a significant role in filling potential gaps in our diets and supporting our overall well being. Whether you’re a seasoned health enthusiast or just beginning your journey towards a healthier lifestyle, understanding the ins and outs of nutritional supplements can empower you to make […]
life wellness Gap
lifecoachcode.com
69%
201
How to Use Spring Cleaning to Boost Your Mood and What are The Main Benefits?
It’s tempting to think of spring cleaning as a chore. And to be fair, there are aspects of it that are very chore like. However, spring cleaning doesn’t have to be a burden, nor does it have to loom over you. There are many benefits to spring cleaning, most of which have the power to […]
liking life mood
lifecoachcode.com
73%
228
Unveiling the Vital Role of Micronutrients in Supporting Optimal Health: All You Need to Know…
In the pursuit of good health, we often focus on macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. However, the importance of micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, should not be underestimated. These essential nutrients play a crucial role in countless bodily functions, supporting everything from energy metabolism to immune function and beyond. As a potential Le […]
liking life Beyond
addicted2success.com
56%
643
Here’s How Self Motivation Can Be the Bridge Between Your Dreams and Realities
Self-motivation is the ability to motivate yourself without the influence of others. It is the ability to move forward with your convictions and beliefs despite facing several stumbling blocks on your way.It is also the ability to move forward with energy and enthusiasm without any letup. It radiates firm faith in yourself.
Sigmund Freud motivation how to motivate yourself self motivation
curiousmindmagazine.com
72%
171
How breast cancer biomarkers are revolutionizing personalized medicine
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, and, according to the American Cancer Society, it accounts for 30% of all new female cancers each year. In other words, around 1 in 3 American women with cancer suffer from breast cancer. The median age at the time of breast cancer is 62 in the United States, which means more than half of the women developing the disease are 62 or younger when they were diagnosed.
Usa personality Patient Testing Provident Investigations
curiousmindmagazine.com
67%
272
How To Safeguard Your Child’s Education During A Divorce
Divorce is a challenging transition for families, and it’s natural for parents to prioritize their children’s well-being, including their educational needs. Amidst the emotional upheaval and logistical challenges of divorce, ensuring that your child’s education remains a priority can help maintain stability and support their academic success. In this comprehensive article, we’ll explore effective strategies for protecting your child’s educational needs during divorce, offering practical tips and insights for parents navigating this process.
communication emotions parents divorce Schools
curiousmindmagazine.com
51%
845
How Does a Spouse’s Immigration Status Affect Divorce Proceedings?
Divorce is a significant life event that brings about various challenges and considerations, from emotional upheaval to financial restructuring. When one or both spouses are immigrants, divorce proceedings can become even more complex due to the interplay between family law and immigration law. In this comprehensive exploration, we’ll delve into how a spouse’s immigration status can significantly affect divorce proceedings and provide insights into navigating this intricate legal landscape.
Usa Family affection parents divorce Rights
Latest Articles
Main Page
How to entertain yourself when you stuck inside due to a pandemic
It is Possible.
“How I Learned to Quiet My ADHD Ruminations”
Benefits of Bicycle Lanes
The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors in Brain Injury Recovery
Deportation and Cultural Identity: The Complex Interplay
About Us

Mental.guide is your guide in the world of psychology. In our online-journal you will find answers to many questions: how to overcome stress and depression, how to control your worry, how to manage anxiety and phobia, how to start loving and respecting yourself and many others.
Here you will get pieces of advice from the psychologists who will help you understand yourself better and start living in a harmony with this world around. Everyday updates are waiting for you here. So, if your feel upset, depressed and worried our psycho guide is ready to help you! We are your online help that is always at hand.

Owner: SNOWLAND s.r.o.
Registration certificate 06691200
Address:
Snowland s.r.o.
16200, Na okraji 381/41, Veleslavín, 162 00 Praha 6
Czech Republic

Categories
Info
For advertisers
Add Post

©2024. All rights reserved.

DMCA